Guiding Questions

• What sparks resistance and revolution?

• How do oppressed groups claim justice?

• When is revolution justified — and what are its risks?

The Power of Resistance

History shows that when systems become oppressive or unjust, people rise up to demand change. Resistance takes many forms:

• Peaceful protests

• Civil disobedience

• Armed rebellion

• Social movements

These actions challenge existing power and push for new ideas of justice.

Revolution and Justice

Revolutions aim to overthrow unjust rulers or systems and create a more just society. But revolutions are complex:

• They can bring freedom and rights

• Or lead to violence, chaos, and new forms of oppression

• The outcome depends on leadership, popular support, and vision

Philosophical Perspectives

Frantz Fanon

Highlighted the role of violent resistance in decolonization, arguing that reclaiming dignity sometimes requires force.

John Locke

Supported the right of people to overthrow rulers who violate their rights.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Warned that revolutions can replace one form of tyranny with another.

Two Perspectives

Revolution as Justice

When legal systems fail, revolution is a legitimate means to achieve justice and equality.

Revolution as Risk

Revolutions risk destroying social order and harming innocent people.

A Thought Experiment

Imagine a society where a dictator rules with unchecked power. People protest, but are violently suppressed. Finally, a revolution succeeds in toppling the regime.

Ask yourself:

• Was the revolution just?

• What responsibilities do new leaders have to build a fairer system?

• How can justice be maintained during and after such upheaval?

Building Justice After Revolution

• Establishing fair legal systems and protections

• Promoting reconciliation and healing

• Protecting human rights and freedoms

• Ensuring inclusive governance

• Preventing the rise of new tyrants

Reflect and Discuss

• When is it right to resist or rebel against power?

• How can resistance movements avoid becoming oppressive themselves?

• What lessons can history teach us about power and justice?

Suggested Readings

• Frantz Fanon – The Wretched of the Earth

• John Locke – Second Treatise of Government

• Alexis de Tocqueville – The Old Regime and the Revolution

• Gene Sharp – The Politics of Nonviolent Action

• Václav Havel – Power of the Powerless